From the Easy Chair

Book Reviews

Professor: Dr. R.J. Rushdoony

Subject: Conversations, Panels and Sermons

Lesson: 171-214

Genre: Speech

Track:

Dictation Name: RR161DM211

Year: 1980s and 1990s

Dr. R. J. Rushdoony, RR161DM211, Title, from the Easy Chair, excellent colloquies on various subjects.

[ Rushdoony ] This is R. J. Rushdoony, Easy Chair number 323, October the fifth, 1994.

This evening I shall, as so many of you have requested over and over and again do some book review. The book I especially wanted to review I have misplaced, but I will return to that on another occasion. And Mark Rushdoony is with me to comment from time to time on some of the books I review.

The first one is a book that came out in 1984 and was reprinted this year, 1994. The title of it is The Blunder Book: Colossal Errors, Minor Mistakes and Surprising Slip Ups that have Changed the Course of History. The author M. Hirsch Goldberg.

Now the book is full of amusing and interesting and sometimes sad accounts of various blunders that have marked history and either have been important or are interesting. I found this one very interesting on the Mayflower and I am quoting.

“One episode about the Mayflower bears telling for what it says about those who would flirt with error. The nine and a half weeks of the voyage were marked by storms and squalls and many of the passengers became seasick. A young crew member, however, made repeated fun of the ill mocking them and predicting half of them would not survive the trip in which case, he told them, he would gladly bury them at sea and help himself to their possessions. Rebukes by those on board could not stop his laughing and jeering. Shortly before land was sighted, the only death among the passengers occurred, but the offensive sailor did to see this. Before the Mayflower reached the halfway point the jokester himself became ill and died. He was the only fatality among the crew,” unquote.

This comes from a book titled The Mayflower by Kate Cafferey, published in 1974.

Now an interesting book, as I have mentioned more than once, could be written about providential things in history, especially in our history and the history of Christendom. This certainly is one that bears telling and retelling. But how many of you ever read this in a text book?

[ M Rushdoony ] Well great battles, if you read about battles very often, history books will make a point of noting a particular lieutenant or sergeant took some initiative on his own and he decided a particular hill had to be seized, for instance at Gettysburg. I believe it was at little round top that was seized early on by a subordinate officer. And that decision really turned the tide of the battle and we have to conclude that either the battles change the course of history and if these are chance occurrences then history is either a series of chance occurrences and random fates or God controls it and God controls the little events which control all of history.

[ Rushdoony ] I think that is a very, very important point. History is not accidental. It is providential. We may not always understand the providence of God and sometimes we might wish that it would go differently, but the providence of God totally governs everything in history.

Well, this fact I found interesting. It was Alfred Lord Tennyson who wrote the famous poem, “The Charge of the Light Brigade.” It was a horrible event because a stupid mixed up order by incompetent men led the light brigade to charge a point that was invulnerable for them. And it led to needless deaths.

Now that episode, Mark, is very important in history because before that newspapers did not much shape public opinion, only a limited number of people read them. Journals of opinion going back to the Tattler and the Spectator had some influence. But not the newspapers. But with the Crimean War the whole impact of newspapers became very different. They carried the story of the light... of the charge of the light brigade. It changed things in London.

After that incompetent generals and officers were weeded out. Well, ... oh, by the way, is “The Charge of the Light Brigade” in text books any more, the poem by Tennyson?

[ M Rushdoony ] Not that I have noticed lately that I haven’t seen all them, but I... I don’t... I ... I haven't seen it.

[ Rushdoony ] When I went to school it was one of the poems most often memorized. Well, at any rate, it was an amazing war, because of the alien issues that entered it. Russia declared war on Turkey because of the persecution of Christians and also to hopefully to open up Jerusalem, then in Turkish hands, to pilgrims without the pilgrims being subjected to the various acts of violence against them.

Now it was Russia on one side, Britain, France, Turkey and Sardinia—then an independent country—arrayed on the other side. Well, this point that Goldberg makes, I think, is very revealing. The British commander was Lord Ragland who had not fought since 1815 in the Napoleonic wars when he commanded troops against the French and Spain. And all through the Crimean War he, it is said, had, and I quote, “An incurable habit of referring to his enemy as the French.”

Of course, since then armies have cleaned up their leadership so that we don’t have incompetence of such a terrible scale. Apparently we now use the incompetence in politics.

Well, there is a great deal more in this that I think is fine. For one thing, the Nobel prize some years ago was given to a scientist for a particular type of treatment and surgery and nothing is ever mentioned of that now because it turned out to be such a disaster. So the Nobel prize committee does not have the best wisdom in things.

This I liked, too. Charles Goodyear who, of course, is a known name now, Goodyear tires, worked for years and he sacrificed his family’s finances and his own health in a way that would make rubber heat resistant and therefore practical as a usable material. He kept promising his wife who was getting weary of trying to make ends meet on next to nothing that he would stop tinkering with rubber and get a job and feed the family and then in his spare time work on his rubber experiments.

Well, one year Goodyear was working on a batch of rubber and his wife went out shopping and he was mixing rubber with sulfur when he suddenly returned... heard her returning home. So scared that his wife was going to jump all over him, he grabbed the stuff and stuck it in the oven which was still hot. So quite accidentally he discovered how to vulcanize and use rubber. So it was his fear of his wife exploding all over him that made him put it in the oven and accidentally find the heat resistant material he had long sought, vulcanized rubber.

That was one instance when the wife’s nagging created an accident that mad them both very, very rich after they had been in so much poverty.

Well, Goldberg has a list of Shakespeare’s blunders. Here are a few of the errors in the works of Shakespeare. In Julius Caesar Shakespeare has one of the men refer to a clock striking the hour and that was 1400 years before clocks of that sort were invented. In Hamlet the ghost talked like a Catholic. He spoke of purgatory and of absolution, but when the play took place the Danes were neither Protestants nor Catholics. The setting of the play was in pagan Denmark. He also wrote of the {?} cliffs of Elsinore and the are no cliffs there. And in the Winter’s Tale he says that the vessel was shipwrecked on the coasts of Bohemia. Well, Bohemia has no coasts.

He has a number of blunders there. Delphi is a city, but in Coriolanus Shakespeare spoke of it as an island. So he did not have the benefit of the good schooling that you provide in our Chalcedon Christian school. Oh, and he mentioned, by the way, billiards in Antony and Cleopatra when there was no such game in that time. He mentioned canons in the King John play, no canons, only bows and arrows then. And turkeys in the first part of Henry IV and turkeys were unknown at that time.

So Shakespeare was a great dramatist, of course, but he was a bit wobbly on his schooling. And there are other errors that other great writers made. For example, Daniel Dafoe in Robinson Crusoe has Crusoe strip naked and swim out to the wrecked ship and prowling around he finds some biscuits and he puts them in his pocket, which is pretty hard to do if you are stark naked.

And Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in writing about Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson says at one point that Watson had a war time bullet wound in the shoulder. He had forgotten that he had previously said it was in his leg and he was a bit limpy because of that.

The poet John Keats wrote the famous poem, a beautiful one, “On First Looking at the Chapman’s Homer.” And he speaks of Cortez discovering the Pacific Ocean and, as you know, he did not. Balboa did.

Sir Walter Scott in Ivanhoe gives a character two different first names. He calls him Richard at one point. This is {?} calls him Richard {?} and another time it is Philip.

So Leo Tolstoy in War and Peace has Natasha at 17 years of age in 1805 and 24 years old four years later. She grew seven years in four years. And he made other blunders as well.

And Eugene O’Neill in one play speaks of a one armed character in the stage directions sitting at table resting his elbows, his chin in his hands. Pretty hard for a one armed man to do.

And, of course, the poet Virgil in the Aeneid had two people die and then reintroduced them later forgetting that he had killed them off or that they had died, rather.

So some very great people had some terrible blunders.

[ M Rushdoony ] Mark Twain did that even more recently. I ...

[ Rushdoony ] Yes.

[ M Rushdoony ] I... I believe it was in Huck Finn it was believed that, well, so the experts say he put the book aside for a number of years not knowing what to do, how to resolve the ... the... the story of... of, of course, the problem is he got himself into. Jim was trying to escape from slavery and they missed the Ohio River and they were going deeper into slave territory and he set the book aside for some time and when he brought back ... came back to it one of his descriptions of one of the characters was quite different than an earlier description and he never caught it. So I...

[ Rushdoony ] Well, he has a number of interesting things about important people making blunders. Einstein, of course, really blundered, he says. He made a double error and a school boy error in algebra. What Einstein did was divide by zero during his calculations a no, no in mathematics.

When a Russian mathematician, Alexander Friedman pointed out the error to Einstein, the missing solution to the expanding universe popped out. At any rate, as he goes on to say, he wouldn’t take correction on it. And he actually said to admit such possibilities seems senseless. So he stuck by his errors.

Well, in 1978, not too long ago, Random House published a cook book and it had a potentially lethal mistake in it. The title of the book was Woman’s Day Crockery Cuisine. It offered a recipe of caramel slices that left out, by mistake, one simple ingredient, water. It was soon found out that if the recipe were followed as the book said a can of condensed milk called for in the book could explode. Random House had to recall 10,000 copies of the book because of the hazardous lapse. That would be an amazing caramel cookie.

And, of course, they have... Goldberg has a section on the Encyclopedia Britannica. More than 600 articles in one edition which were outdated. These are the 1958 and 63 editions of the Britannica. Dr. Einbinder discovered myths presented as fact, legends presented as truth, errors in dates and statistics. And he found obsolete articles that came from the ninth Britannica of 1875 to 1889. And he put out a 390 page book exposing the errors, but they never did anything to answer him or to make corrections.

So even the mighty have their weaknesses.

I should go on to another book, but I enjoy this so much. I read it recently when I needed something to relax me. But this. In 1941, in World War II the British warship Trinidad was in arctic waters and they saw a German destroyer so they fired a torpedo at it. But they did not account for what the icy waters would do to its steering mechanism. So the water affected it and the weapon began to curve slowly in an arc and instead of going after the German destroyer, it curved until it began to head back to the Trinidad. And within moments after being fired it slammed into the ship that fired it and the ship was so damaged that although it stayed afloat, it never saw action again during the war. That must have been an awful experience for the crew and especially the captain.

[ M Rushdoony ] It as the u-boat that fired?

[ Rushdoony ] No. It was a ... a British war ship firing at a German destroyer. So that was in 41, early in the war.

Now you know about the Aswan dam, but here are things I never read about it, because there were such marvelous articles in all the periodicals, a miracle of technology and so on and how all those huge buildings and monuments were moved at incredible expense—and I think there was international help on that—to another site. Well, it was intended to be one of the greatest feats of modern science and engineering to bring more fertile land into cultivation and higher income for the country. But the lake formed above the dam made the Nile spread out so far and wide, and not too deep, that tremendous amounts of water in that hot country were lost due to evaporation rather than being made available for power generation and watering the valley below. Only four of the 10 turbines were being powered and only half of the land was being irrigated.

Moreover, the water that was available was very high in its salt content and it compelled farmers to leave their lands. The dam on top of that promoted disease, a particular type of disease spread through blood flukes began reaching epidemic levels. They were propagated because of what the dam had done. Moreover the sardines from the Mediterranean Sea no longer entered the mouth of the Nile and another industry was wiped out.

But most of all, the Nile flooded every year, overflowed its banks and the people were used to it, used the waters because the waters brought down top soil from the high country, but now they had to buy chemical fertilizers in order to do what the Nile had done naturally for thousands of years.

Now here is a terrible thing. And...

[ M Rushdoony ] The changes are it will be silting up.

[ Rushdoony ] Yes.

[ M Rushdoony ] And then if they... if they destroy the dam and they have all that silt backed up it will just... it will just clog the channel further down stream.

[ Rushdoony ] Yes. It... it has been a disaster, a major disaster.

Well, another thing that is really struck home to me and, in fact, I put one or two of these things in random notes. I have been writing in several areas of writing I am doing on evolution and how irrational it is, how it requires literally billions of miracles all violating everything we know about science, creation of something out of nothing, life from non life and so on. And in the beginning creating out of a cosmic nothingness, supposedly, something.

So if you believe in evolution you have to believe in billions and trillions of miracles. The whole point of the theory—And George Bernard Shaw said it, what it was—the world wanted to be rid of believing in God. Now it is interesting that Alfred Russell Wallace, with whom the whole idea originated, and who had shared his thinking with Darwin, who was a naturalist himself, with many books and papers to his credit, believed, not in God, but that there were spirits floating around who were responsible for making things evolve, not God, but spirits somewhere up in space.

Well, let me see what else is there that I would like to share with you. This book is fun reading or ... and I picked it up a couple of times to laugh over some of the things in it. This, that in 1631 in London an authorized edition of the Bible was published that caused a great deal of fuss because they found that there was no negative in the listing of the seventh or the 10th commandments. It read, “Thou shalt commit adultery.” Of course, they had to suppress the Bible and that particular printing came to be known as the wicked Bible and its printers, Robert Barker and Martin Lucas were fined 3000 pounds which I am sure more than wiped them out because in those days that was an astronomical figure.

Of course, other Bibles in those days were guilty of errors. In fact in Italy a Bible that was to b presented to pope Clement XI had a serious typographical error. The Latin word sine, S I N E, without had been printed throughout as S I N, sin. So the poor man who did the translating when the error was discovered dropped death of a stroke on the spot he was so horrified.

Well, to continue with Goldberg’s Blunder Book, this is a kind of inadvertent blunder. The social security system in the United States was copied from the German social security system which Bismarck introduced. Bismarck felt the pressure of the workers and of Socialism and so he decided to grant their demands for social security. And they did some serious thinking and they found in those days which was the last century, that most workers died before they were 65. So they chose 65 as the age when you would collect social security. And that meant that people were paying in and almost all the money would go, then, to the state. So it was a big bonanza for Bismarck’s socialist state.

And the people had not tumbled onto the thing. The pension was to be up to one half their salaries at 65. They knew, as I said, that most people in Germany, workers, did not live to age 65. So when under Roosevelt they decided to please the people and they voted on social security they figured they had a financial bonanza that all this money would keep pouring in to the United States Treasury. And, of course, right off the bat they started borrowing the money and just putting an IOU there, figuring they will never collect.

Now I am going to supply this because I... this I know. Something was happening at the time. the films were very successful. It was the high point of the film industry from the 30s on to the early 60s. And what happened was that the film industry began to influence American culture and people in a number of ways, but one of them was that all the film stars were so diet conscious. Up to that point it was just taken for granted that after you passed 20 or so you started putting on weight.

I remember a cartoon, quite funny, it showed the bride and groom coming out of the church and the bride saying, “Oh, good, now that we are married I don’t have to worry about watching my figure.”

Well, that was true. That was the temper of the time. But suddenly Hollywood was making everybody weight conscious. And Hollywood diets were being published by women’s magazines, home magazines and diets began to take hold for men also. And the result was men and women began to live longer, because they were not getting heart attacks and strokes from being too fat. So Hollywood socked the social security system.

Now, of course, they are in trouble, deep, deep trouble. Interesting. Recently a poll of young people very few expect to collect their social security.

[ M Rushdoony ] Right. I have a question about social security maybe you can answer. When liberals often attack conservatives when they criticize that social security is not an insurance and it doesn’t go into a fund, liberals will often respond that that was the original intention that it was to go into a permanent fund as a retirement fund, but that the Republicans prevented that and the Republicans insisted that it ... it be, in effect, as it is today.

[ Rushdoony ] Well, mother and I were young at the time. I think we both reached 20 and we can recall vividly—correct me if I am wrong, Dorothy—that they promised, first, that your social security number would be totally private and nobody would have a right to know it. And, second, that this was an insurance thing, that this money was going to go there and be kept. It was you money and you were going to get it. Not too long after the courts decided that it was a tax, not an insurance. So we were lied to.

Now at the time mother was telling people that it was a Ponzi scheme. It would never work. And I was telling people that I thought it was radically dishonest and they are wrong when they say that the promises were very different than conservatives say they were. They have only to go to the library and consult the congressional records for that year, the debate, the discussion, everything.

One of the things about social security that is rarely ever mentioned was that fundamentalists in the country were very, very hostile. Bitterly hostile to it. And I can remember old men talking about it in the streets and everywhere. Can you guess why they hated it? Social security number, revelation, the mark of the beast. And they were predicting... these were old timers. No good is going not come of this. This is evil and satanic. They are going to destroy this country. And they were very, very intensely in earnest about it.

And I don’t think they were too far off the mark.

[ M Rushdoony ] Incidentally, it is still the case that your social security number is entirely private. You don’t have to give it. In fact, to get a California state driver’s license the state of California will tell you in the department of motor vehicles will tell you that you do not have to give them your social security number, but if you do not, they will not issue you a driver’s license.

[ Rushdoony ] Yes.

[ M Rushdoony ] And if you do not put it on the... on the form for the bank they will not give you a loan or even allow you to have an account. So it is voluntary if you don’t want to live in modern society.

[ Rushdoony ] Well, now I am going to turn to another book, this one published in 1993, last year. Life in the Middle Ages From the Seventh to the 13th Century by Hans Bernard Goetz, G O E T Z. A very interesting book. And it is going to be hard to refrain from quoting it at great length. For example, he comments on the fact that there were no exact ways to measure time, because if you did not have the sun shining, your sun dial was no good. So the time of the day when it was not determined by the position of they sun was often determined by the sound of the bells in the nearby church or of a monastery, because at various times they would have prayer or a service. The monks both day and night would wake up to go to the chapel and have services.

There were primitive clocks of various kinds, but basically they were imprecise. They knew the exact number of minutes, hours and so on in the day time, night time, great to quote.

“The scientific theory divided the hours very precisely into four points, 10 minutes, 15 parts, 40 moments, 60 signs and 22,560 atoms. And making an atom last exactly 1600ths of a second.”

So they had it... some knowledge of the length of time, the length of a year, the length of a day. But it was measuring it on an ongoing basis accurately that was a problem. But this does not mean they were indifferent to time. They didn’t have a precise time table, but time was very important to them, because one’s actions are governed by time. So it is a serious mistake to feel that they didn’t know much about time.

Then the interesting thing, he refers to it in passing, cleanliness, bathing. A lot of mythology governs current thinking. They were on the whole clean people. They bathed. Monasteries placed great emphasis on hygiene and cleanliness. There were some who deliberately as a part of their asceticism went without bathing and those ascetics were... would permit themselves only two baths a year. But that was immersion. In other words, they could have a sponge bath in between. So they weren’t that dirty from not having a soaking bath.

They also had a great deal of concern with hygiene. The Cistercian monasteries had flushing toilets in that day, designed their monasteries to have a stream, part of a stream, you know, a brook, part of it diverted to go under those parts of the building where waste was dumped. So they were not what current mythology claims they were.

The aversion to bathing which meant that a man might bathe just occasionally in a year came with the black death. The black death continued to the 17th century, in other words, the modern era and the Enlightenment. And a great many of the doctors and others blamed the black death on bathing, open pores from bathing and that sort of thing.

So people stopped bathing. And it only started to come back in, in the last two centuries. So we cannot project the Enlightenment age of reason dirtiness into the Middle Ages.

Then our thinking can be colored by inadequate knowledge. For example, the statistics tell us that there was a low life expectancy averaging between 25 and 32 years.

Well, that is nonsense, because they had an infant mortality of up to 40 percent. So if you have a lot of children dying, 40 percent is going to mean that you put all these together that the average person has a low life expectancy. As a matter of fact, this was true, low life expectancy up to about 1900 in many parts of the western world. And it was because of the high rate of infant mortality.

Dealing with the common illnesses of babies and children vastly increased the life expectancy because now as you averaged in everybody who died, you didn’t have all those children’s deaths to reckon into your statistics.

So we need to be careful when we evaluate statistics, because it can lead to the assumption that the people were living a few years and dying.

[ M Rushdoony ] It makes you wonder how they managed to build those cathedrals all when they were dropping dead at 30 and 35.

[ Rushdoony ] Yes. Yes.

[ M Rushdoony ] It doesn’t make much sense.

[ Rushdoony ] Well, the cathedral builders were young and old and even the elderly women participated, because if the church were popular in that community, that is, the bishop and the priest being godly men, the people were intensely eager to see the cathedral built up.

[ M Rushdoony ] Well, it is still true in many poorer, under developed countries. You have a lot of older people because it is the children who are most susceptible to the diseases. So even where they don’t... when they still don't proper medical care, once you survive childhood you are... you are just as likely to live to be a ripe old age as anyone in the West.

[ Rushdoony ] Yes. Well, what Goetz has to say about the family is very, very good. He says the family was a guardian of morality. The family was a law center. It was autocratically organized and it was focused on the husband, the man of the house. And it was a place where public and private spheres coincided.

Now it is interesting that the father had a chair. The chair of the man of the house was passed on to his oldest son upon his death together with all its rights and privileges while the community of brothers remained intact as heirs in common.

So it was authority. It meant a great deal, care of the family, care of the mother and so on. Meanwhile the women were protected. This is something that is virtually unknown nowadays. But it is worth reading in some detail. The women could not hold public office. But they were very important and they were protected.

He says that the low social position of women, meaning their inability to hold offices and that sort of thing, did not imply disdain. He goes on to say women were supposed to be honored in a special way and appreciated above all. And it was only much, much later that misogynist statements began to appear. A wife’s... a wife subject to her husband’s... {?} under his authority was under him and his protection so that, for example, they did everything to protect the wife from other men and their advances. There were very, for the time, great fines. For example. Anyone so much as touching the finger of a free woman had to pay 15 shillings—big money in those days. If they touched her arm, the fine was 30 shillings. If they touched the elbow it was 35 shillings. If they so much as touched her breast 45 shillings. And anyone who uncovered the head of a free woman against her will was fined, depending on the nature of it, three or six shillings. Lifting a woman’s clothes to her knees drew a fine of six shillings. Anyone who lifted them up high enough that her genitals or her posterior became exposed had to pay 12 shillings. And a man who forced himself on a woman was assessed 40 shillings and double that, 80, if the woman were married. And women, in particular, were under... were under strong protection and pregnant women so that women had a highly protected legal status, something that is not recognized today.

Then the fact which he states very clearly is this and I will quote. “According to Otto Bruner, all authority ultimately derived from household authority, a fact corroborated by substantial evidence.” In other words, whether in church or state or any sphere of life, all authority was derived from household authority. That is quite a revolutionary fact. And, of course, very, very biblical.

[ M Rushdoony ] It is fitting, then, that they would have royal families.

[ Rushdoony ] What?

[ M Rushdoony ] Fitting that they would have royal families.

[ Rushdoony ] Yes. Royal families. Exactly. Then this is an interesting statement and trying to see who it came from. Well, this is the king’s advice, we are told. I ... I have forgotten the king and I won’t take the time to look. But this is what a king said.

“Should you wish some day to court a truly fine woman in order to raise children with her, one that you will want to embrace gladly, then look for a wife in a respectable house and only if you mother will have no objections against her. Once you have chosen her in this fashion, be sure to afford her every bit of honor. Be gentle and treat her well, but always remain her lord so that she may never become contrary and start arguing with you. For there is no greater shame for a husband than being obedient to the one whose rightful lord is supposed to be.”

Women’s work was also restricted and in the early medieval era you had a biblical concept of dowry whereas later on the pagan one came in whereby the father had to pay the groom. But in the early Middle Ages before the wedding the bride groom handed over the bridal gift, the so-called {?} or dower. This was originally given to the clan of the bride, later the bride herself who owned it, in part, as a kind of widow’s insurance benefit. Among well to do people the dower generally consisted of a piece of property with a house, storage buildings, land, animals and serfs along with clothes and jewelry.

Now I find that very interesting, because it was not only that dowry, but following the wedding night the wife received a reward in the form of a morning gift which also became part of the dower.

So the era was not as backward as people suppose. One thing which I found especially interesting because I have always ready about, since I was a child, how we got the names of our days after various pagan gods. Sunday the day of the sun, Wednesday, Woeden’s day, Friday, Fria’s day and so on. But we find that under Charlemagne the month of may was called {?}, the meadow month during which the animals were turned out to pasture. June was referred to as {?}. July was {?} and so on. I can’t pronounce them. But they had very different days names and month names that reflected every day life rather than Paganism .

Well, there are also some delightful stories, too, giving an idea of what the people were like. He says, “The peasants should not be viewed as though they were down ... down trodden people.” They were a proud and happy people so that they had no desire to be someone they were not. And they ridiculed those who were pretentious. So the peasants were anything but down trodden peoples.

Well, I see our hour is drawing to a close and I do want to continue this in the next session, Mark. And then I will go to something else. But I think this is a delightful story and I enjoyed it immensely. So do you want to say something before we...

[ M Rushdoony ] No, go ahead.

[ Rushdoony ] Yes, well, thanks for listening and God bless you and I hope you have enjoyed this. I appreciate the fact that you do want more easy... Easy Chairs on books, because I love doing these.

Well, God bless you all.

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